Conducting a management Project unit 5006 Free Essay Example, 4500 words

Conducting a management Project unit 5006 Outline: Introduction Project management overview Contents as per unit 5006 Conclusion Introduction: Project Management is nowadays getting more popularity since it is able to give solution to today’s competitive environment. The organization needs to introduce new innovations in product and service management more quickly due to the increased competition, changing customer taste, etc. in order to sustain in the market. Project management helps the organization in this regard to find out the solution for these problems in a scientific manner. The timely finish of successful projects requires an understanding of both the technical and human resource components of project management. The technical component is necessary to recognize the critical activities that influence the total length of time a project takes to finish. The human resource elements deal with the issues of headship and worker inspiration within a group or team atmospher e. Project Management overview: A project is an organized activity to accomplish an objective. It can be defined as a series of related tasks that are directed towards a common output which will be completed during a period of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Conducting a management Project unit 5006 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is the planning, directing and controlling resources (people, equipment, material) to meet the technical, cost and time constraints of the project. Features of the Project Management: A project is a completely new task; thus there are no repetitive activities. It will be operated for the first time and the challenge cannot be predicted which may incur in future. The team members have to be conscious about their work and should monitor whether they can achieve the desired objective. Thus there will be continuous evaluation, monitoring, controlling till the project is completed. In short, we can say that the project management has taken place during the overall life of the project. New project team will be formed and after accomplishing its objective, it will be dispersed. Thus there will be more time required for the team members to perform effectively and there should be a conscious effort to ensure the participation of the team members by way of effective communication and motivation. Responsibilities of the project manager: Project managers characteristically have a distinctive role within the conventional organisation structure. Most project management squads are multidisciplinary in character, concerning a wide variety of abilities and organisational units.

Leadership Styles, Leadership, Transformational Leadership...

Have you ever had a leader that inspired you to develop your own leadership traits? â€Å"A leader is someone who demonstrates what’s possible† (Mark Yarnell, 2015). There are numerous leadership styles. Each of the numerous leadership styles can be beneficial if utilized in an appropriate means. I have chosen three leaders and their unique leadership styles to discuss in this paper. The unique styles that will be discussed are situational leadership, transformational leadership, and laissez-faire leadership. I will also discuss each leader’s approach, their fundamental leadership principles, and how each leader used their style within their profession. Situational Leadership Colin Powell is one of the greatest known military leaders†¦show more content†¦If Powell was not open to the ideas and opinions of his troops, many more deaths could have occurred. Powell was supportive of his troops during training times. He would make the decisions, but they had the control. Powell was always supporting his troops and giving them motivation in any situation. The last quadrant is delegation, which Powell did not use much during his military career as he needed to be the one in control at all times as the leader. Fundamental Leadership Principles Colin Powell has thirteen rules that he follows when it comes to being an effective leader: 1. â€Å"It ain’t as bad as you think. It will look better in the morning. 2. Get mad, then get over it. 3. Avoiding having your ego so close to your position that when your position falls, your ego goes with it. 4. It can be done. 5. Be careful what you choose: you may get it. 6. Don’t let adverse facts stand in the way of a good decision. 7. You can’t make someone else’s choices. You shouldn’t let someone else make yours. 8. Check small things. 9. Share credit. 10. Remain clam. Be kind. 11. Have a vision. Be demanding. 12. Don’t take counsel of your fears or naysayers. 13. Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier.† (Powell, 2012) These thirteen rules have helped Powell throughout his career as a very successful leader. His situational leadershipShow MoreRelatedLaissez Faire And Transformational Leadership Styles Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesComparatively, Laissez-faire leadership is a great contrast to transactional and transformational leadership styles as defined by Cherry, K. (2016) Laissez-faire leadership, also known as delegative leadership, is a type of leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decisions. Because of this, researchers have found that this is generally the leadership style that leads to the lowest productivity among group members. Laissez-faire is often characterised by:Read MoreThe Impact Of Transactional, Transformational And Laissez Faire Leadership Styles On Organisational Performance1556 Words   |  7 PagesDoes leadership make a difference to organisational performance? 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This means project managers may not have the right leadership style or set of skills to effectively manage and complete projects on time. Northhouse (2007) explained three leadership styles authoritarian, democratic and laissez-fair and their influences in his book Introduction to Leadership. Of those three I chose authoritarian and democratic for my research question. Is the authoritarian or democratic leadership style more effective for comple ting large-scale maintenance projects onRead MoreNursing Leadership Critique Papers1445 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Critique Paper The textbook, Concepts for Nursing Practice, defines leadership as, â€Å"an interactive process that provides needed guidance and direction.† (Giddens, J., 2013, p.375). Leaders can be informal, a coworker that everyone looks up to, or formal, a manager that has authority that has been given to them (Giddens, J., 2013, p.375). In the case of the nurse manager I have been shadowing, she is a formal leader. 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There are three known leadership styles that can be used to become more effective leader: autocratic leaders, democratic leaders, lalssez-faire leaders. However, one’s personal approach can be a blend to these, depending on one’s preferences, the needs of your people and the present situation. Also when the leadership framework is understood, one can

Managing Conflict In The Work Place Free Essays

Workplace conflict is common in every working environment. It arises from many causes and can have an extremely destructive effect on productivity. Recent studies have even found that in more and more cases it is leading to violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Conflict In The Work Place or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is obviously very important for managers to quickly and effectively manage any conflict that arises. 1. 1 The causes of conflict in work are as follows; Conflicting resources, this is when employees are forced to share the use of certain resources. Conflicting styles, everybody works differently according to their own personality, strengths and weaknesses however this can often cause conflict because other employees may not like that particular style of working. Conflicting perceptions, we all see the world differently and differing opinions can often result in conflict. Also, certain people may have access to different or more information than others and so are able to perceive things differently. Conflicting goals, different people in our team may have different goals which they are working towards which could possibly be a hindrance to someone else’s goals. Also, different managers might have different priorities when it comes to how work is completed. Conflicting pressures, is very similar to conflicting goals although usually involves urgent tasks. If you need a staff member or team to complete a piece of work quickly for you but they are already working towards another urgent deadline it puts pressure on the individual or team. Conflicting roles, sometimes staff will have to take on work that they may feel doesn’t fall within their job responsibility, or they may feel that another person is being given a task that should belong to them. Different personal values, a person might be asked to complete a job that conflicts with their ethical values. Unpredictable policies, when polices or practices change within an organisation and those changes are not properly communicated conflict can arise. 1. 2 Stages in the development of conflict are as follows; No conflict, this is the ideal state for an organisation however it is likely that conflict will arise at some point. Latent conflict, people have differing values and ideas and while this is not a problem in itself, it is likely that an event will occur that will make such differences more noticeable and then conflict can arise. Emergence, at this stage team members will start to recognise that they have different ideas and values and difference can start to cause discord and tension. Escalation, if team members involved in conflict cannot find a resolution, conflict can escalate. Tensions will rise and people will start to pick sides. Stalemate, at this point conflict has escalated to a point where tensions are running high and neither party is willing to back down. De-escalation, even the most intense conflict will eventually calm down and parties will reluctantly begin to negotiate. Settlement and resolution, parties will find a solution to the problem. As a manger you may have to work closely with the team to help reach this stage amicably. Peace building and reconciliation, once parties have reached a solution it is important to repair and strengthen working relationships to prevent future conflict. 1. 3 Explain the effects of conflict on individual and team performance in the workplace. A substantive conflict relates specifically to team performance and goals. Substantive conflicts in the workplace can have a positive impact on individual and team performance by helping to refine best practice and creating a little healthy competition between teams and individuals. Working through conflicts can also be seen as a key phase of group development. However they can cause slower performance if individuals or groups are not working in ways which are compatible with the best and quickest completion of set tasks. An affective conflict tends to be about personal disagreements or dislikes, or in a group setting may relate to the assigned task. These can have a detrimental effect on a group’s ability to work together and communicate with each other effectively. When conflicts are based on personal dislikes and disagreements this can also to exclusion and bullying in the work place and staff forming cliques. This can greatly impact on employee job satisfaction, staff turnover which lead to company prosperity suffering or even litigation. 1. 4 Explain any recognised technique a manger could use to minimise and resolve conflict in the work place. Mediation is one form of conflict resolution were an impartial third party will meet with two conflicting individuals to discuss a settlement. The meeting will be private and confidential and each individual is given an equal footing and encouraged to discuss their issues freely. Mediation is a voluntary process  and conflicting parties are able to work together to find a mutual agreement. There is a high rate of compliance in mediated conflict resolution because both parties have equal say in finding a solution. 1. 5 Describe how a manager could create harmony at work and engender a positive atmosphere in order to minimise the adverse effects of conflict. Firstly and most importantly try to stamp out gossiping. Gossip has the most detrimental effect on workplace harmony. Just listening to gossip, even when not engaging in it will almost certainly affect people’s views and opinions of someone else. Ensure that all employees are treated equally and that you are not seen as playing favourites with certain staff members. Ensure staff have adequate and appropriate resources to complete their work. When hiring new staff, try hire people that you think will be a good fit with the current team. If a team member is not pulling their weight or not working to a high enough standard, make sure this is dealt with quickly to avoid leaving the situation to fester and cause discord. Have an open door policy so your staff feel like they can come to you with any problems and be listened to and supported. How to cite Managing Conflict In The Work Place, Papers

The Report Discusses About The Case Study Of The Top Trucking Compan

Questions: 1.How do the new workplace practices introduced by the new yard manager complement one another? 2.What are the risks to sustaining these changes if George or the yard manager moves on? 3.Do you think tough blue collar unions like the Transport Workers Union are more of less likely to engage in workplace changes like these than public or service sector unions? Why? How would you find out if you are right? Answers: 1. The Top truck company is recognised as a high performance workplace in the local region but earlier the companys scenario was completely different from what it is now. The credit for the turnaround of the companys and employees situation goes to the new yard manager and its new workplace practices. These are: Unlike the old yard manager, the new yard manager believed in listening to the concern of its drivers and union representatives. He had a pragmatic approach towards the problems arising in the organization and he made sure that the blame should not be put on the employees rather the root cause should be identified so that the same situation does not arise in future. This created a strong employer and employees relationship which was missing earlier. The result of strong employer and employee relationship is that it increases the productivity of the employees and also they are more motivated in working towards achieving the organizations goals and objectives (Abbah, 2014). Workers safety is the most important concern in any organization. It is the responsibility of the employer to take necessary steps to ensure workers safety. The old owners were hardly interested in the maintenance of trucks which may impact the drivers safety during working hours (Mensah Taiwah, 2015).. The manager made sure that the drivers receive appropriate training in technical and customer service area. Giving a safe working environment resulted into drivers commitment towards their employer and the organization and it also resulted into employees loyalty towards the organization (Gyeke, 2005). As soon as the top truck company was purchased by the New Transport group the company saw a major turnaround. Workers were given new uniforms and their workplace was cleaned. The benefits of working in a clean environment are healthy employees with improved productivity and increase in employees satisfaction and low turnover rate (Sarod Shirsath, 2012). Along with this, the new manager installed computer system which was first resisted by employees at the end it helped to boost the performance and morale of the employees (Odukah, 2016). The Yard manager also involved the union delegate George in managing the workplace performance. A strong bond between a manager and union is very important as the synergy of both will help the organization to achieve organization goals. Unions at workplace should be considered as the business partners because they contribute strategically in solving employees related problems. This will help to gain the trust of the drivers in the management (Dobre, 2013). The other very effective workplace practice which was used by the yard manager was to update the drivers about the yards performance. When crucial information like these are shared by the employees they feel that a sense of belongingness towards the company and they are motivated to work more productively in order to increase the organization performance (Acas, 2009). All these workplace practices have been proven to be quite successful and complementing each other because they all directed towards increase the truck drivers performance and productivity so that the organization can achieve a competitive position in the industry. 2. The role of a manager is very important in sustaining the change management process initiated in organization. The role of a manager is not just limited to implementing the transformation strategies but also to review it on the timely basis whether the new workplace strategies implemented at the workplace is contributing in achieving the long term goals and objectives of the organization or not. If the yard manager moves on, the impacts can be: The yard manager is responsible for planning and organizing the operations. Planning is a pervasive function and it should be done on regular basis. In the absence of the manager, the only responsible person is the union delegate George and he cannot fulfil this responsibility as it requires managerial skills and expertise (Cielinska, 2007). The yard manager is also responsible for managing and utilising both the human and financial resources of the organization. In his presence he managed to remove the bad eggs of the organization which significantly boost the employees morale and also the financial resources were utilised in an effective way to improve the workplace. In the absence of yard manager this cannot be possible and the company will move back to the same position that it was used to be earlier in the presence of old manager (Ragupathi, 2013). The major positive change in the old and the new manager was that the new one follows a democratic style he openly communicated with the employees and the union delegate George. In the absence of manager the drivers will not be able to communicate their issues to the top management (Spaho, 2011). Also, after the new workplaces practices the reviewing of the results is very important. If the manager will not measure the performance of the employees in comparison to the workplace practices introduced then the management will not be able to take decisions for achieving the goals of the company. In case where George moves out of the organization there shall not be much impact because even when George was present when the old manager was managing the drivers, he could not do much to improve the working condition of the truck drivers. But still the role of George is important because he remains in the direct contact with the truck drivers. He communicates all their problems and issue to the manager. George is the grievance listener of the drives. Also he is responsible for supporting the workers right during the time of old yard manager. George was also responsible in interpersonal interactions with the drivers which they may have not done with the manager (Mwamadzingo Chinguwo, 2015). Both George and the new yard manager have been responsible for managing and directing the performance of the employees to achieve leadership in the region and enhancing the employees performance to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. 3. Blue collar unions include workers or individual who are involved in performing manual tasks in an organization. Blue collar unions are more likely to engage in the workplace changes than public or service sector unions. The reason being: The blue collar workers are much underpaid and are not much skilled, that is why they are exploited easily by the managers and authority. They usually belong to a background community and have a very low career opportunities in an industry/. The only thing that motivates them is a fat pay check. They dont understand the organization vision and mission and clearly have no interest in achieving them but there efforts are very important to achieve strategic goals of the organization. A manager can easily improve the performance of the workers by rewarding them justly in according to the work done by them. Higher the performance, higher the rewards. The manager can easily engage blue collar workers in the workplace changes by offering them fair rewards. The managers and staff in public sector organization are not much trained and they are paid very less as a result managers in those organizations are not willing to pay much attention in engaging and motivating union workers in the workplace changes but in private sector managers are well paid and qualified. They design effective strategies to engage union workers. Another reason of high engagement of workers in blue collar unions is that the motivational factors to induce them into workplace changes are very basic. Provide them with good working condition at the workplace they are satisfied and work efficiently. Treat all of them equally and provide them with fair wages which will ensure quality living. Also ensuring their safety at the workplace will increase employer loyalty and they will work hard to fulfil their goals and objectives. Job security among blue collar workers is a major concern because they are not much skilled so that is why they are easily replaceable with other workers who are willing to work at a lower wage. Also the use of machinery and technology has led to increase in the laying off ratio of wage workers in the industrial sector. Due to this the workers are highly demotivated and do not perform productively. On the other side public unions already have job security and it cannot be used as a motivational factor. By providing blue collar workers job security the manager can easily motivate them to work productively and engage in workplace changes. It will also ensure job satisfaction among them and they contribute strategically in achieving the long term goals of the organization (Ganta, 2014). Increasing the engagement of the blue collar workers in workplace practices will not only increase the productivity of the workers but it results into decrease in the attrition rate and absenteeism rate. It also helps to maintain a healthy relationship between the management and the workers (Kirkegaard Larsen, 2011). Conclusion The report concludes that the managers and union delegates play a very important role in employees engagement in strategically achieving the goals of the organization. The report also discussed about the effect of new workplace practices introduced by the new manager in the Top Trucking Company. Each of the practices introduced by the manager complement each other in such a way that it improves employees motivation and engagement in the workplace practices. The role of a manager has been considered as very important in sustaining the changes in the organization. References Abbah, T.M. (2014). Employee Motivation: The Key to Effective Organizational Management in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. Retrieved from https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol16-issue4/Version-1/A016410108.pdf on 15 April 2017. Acas. (2009). The People Factor engage your employees for business success. Retrieved from https://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/0/o/Advisory-booklet-The-People-Factor.pdf on 15 April 2017. Burton, K. (2012). A Study of Motivation: How to Get Your Employees Moving. Retrieved from https://spea.indiana.edu/doc/undergraduate/ugrd_thesis2012_mgmt_burton.pdf on 15 April 2017. Cieslinska, K. (2007). THE BASIC ROLES OF MANAGER IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION. Retrieved from . Dobre, I.O. (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance. Review of Applied Socio- Economic Research. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.repec.org/opt/ReDIF/RePEc/rse/wpaper/R5_5_DobreOvidiuIliuta_p53_60.pdf on 15 April 2017. Ganta, C.V. (2014). MOTIVATION IN THE WORKPLACE TO IMPROVE THE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.ijetmas.com/admin/resources/project/paper/f201411201416479373.pdf on 15 April 2017. Gyeke, A.S. (2005). Workers Perceptions of Workplace Safety and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. Retrieved from https://www.ciop.pl/CIOPPortalWAR/file/14182/201303121275gyekye3(11).pdf on 15 April 2017. Kirkegaard, l., Larsen, K. (2011). Motivation of blue and white collar employees. Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences. Mensah, K.B.E. Tawiah, A.K. (2015). Employee Motivation and Work Performance: A Comparative Study of Mining Companies in Ghana. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. Retrieved from https://www.jiem.org/index.php/jiem/article/viewFile/1530/755 on 15 April 2017. Mwamadzingo, M. Chinguwo, P. (2015). Productivity Improvement and the Role of Trade Unions. Retrieved from https://www.jtuc-rengo.or.jp/data/20160120_manual.pdf on 15 April 2017. Odukah, E.M. (2016). Factors Influencing Staff Motivation among Employees: A Case Study of Equator Bottlers (Coca Cola) Kenya. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies. Retrieved from https://file.scirp.org/pdf/JHRSS_2016060714191705.pdf on 15 April 2017. Ragupathi, D. (2013). The Financial and Human resource Management Strategies to Develop the Organisation. Research Journal of Management Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.isca.in/IJMS/Archive/v2/i10/2.ISCA-RJMS-2013-084.pdf on 15 April 2017. Sarode, P.A. Shirsath, M. (2012). The Factors Affecting Employee Work Environment Its Relation with Employee Productivity. International Journal of Science and Research. Retrieved from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i11/T0NUMTQxMTY5.pdf on 15 April 2017. Spaho, K. (2011). ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR OF COMPANY SUCCESS: CASE STUDY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. Business Intelligence Journal. Retrieved from https://www.saycocorporativo.com/saycouk/bij/journal/vol4no2/case_2.pdf on 15 April 2017.

Lockes Political Philosophy an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Lockes Political Philosophy In the Second Treatise of Government Locke justifies revolt against the state if the state rules without the consent of the people whom it governs: "They, who remove, or change the legislative, take away this decisive power, which no body can have, but by the appointment and consent of the people." (Sec. 227) According to Locke, the commonwealth and the laws with the help which it rules were established by the agreement of people who lived in a "state of nature". First of all, it is important to understand what a "state of nature" is. It is a situation in which people live insulated or in family groups, but not in a community, they do not interact nor collaborate with each other to provide for their every-day needs or to protect themselves from predators. In other words, "state of nature" is what human life could have been like without laws. Need essay sample on "Locke's Political Philosophy" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to Locke in the state of nature all human beings are free and equal: " [what] state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions [A] state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another;" (Sec.4) People Often Tell Us: I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I don't have the time Essay writer professionals suggest: Find Brilliant Papers For Sale Here Nevertheless, they are not free to do anything they wish, because of the 'law of nature', arranged by God and in compliance to which they must live. The 'law of nature' states that if a human being's freedom is violated by another human being the former is empowered to get restoration from the disturber. Correspondingly, if a part of his property is stolen he has a right to try to get it back from the thief. If a man attempts to kill him, he has the right to fight back in self-defence, if necessary killing the attacker. Encroachment upon anyone's liberty in the state of nature is regarded as an act of 'war' upon the victim, and the victim has the right to revenge: "And in the case, and upon this ground, EVERY MAN HATH A RIGHT TO PUNISH THE OFFENDER, AND BE EXECUTIONER OF THE LAW OF NATURE" (Sec.8). It became apparent that such 'state of nature' causes numerous "inconveniences" for human beings who live in it. For example, physically weak individuals are going to encounter difficulties in finding provision of food and home; and, moreover, if some stronger person decides to infringe the liberty of a weaker one, the latter will find it difficult to gain satisfaction from the disturber and thus keep up to the law of nature. The situation for the strong is not necessarily much safer as far as the weaker could assemble together to rob them of their property or kill them. On the other hand, the strong, may still take advantage of the assistance the weak can provide them in some situations, for example, if they have acquired more land than they and their families can tend. That is why, as Locke asserts, people in the state of nature decided that their interests would be better regarded if they appeared together as a people to organize a society. In this society they would be able cooperate to satisfy their needs and consequently avoid the 'inconveniences' of the state of nature. So that not to break the law of nature by themselves the members of this society would establish the commonwealth, that is an institution to administer the law and create new laws to meet new cases. Thus the people in this way confide the protection of their natural liberties to the commonwealth. Another point to consider is that division of labour to provide food is acknowledged to be more effective than simply caring for oneself. Theoretically, Locke suggests that the liberties of the individual, namely the law of nature will be more efficiently upheld by the commonwealth and its laws than by the individuals themselves. However, the authority to rule the society is granted to the commonwealth by the consent of the people governed by this commonwealth. For this purpose, a contract has been agreed between the commonwealth and the governed people to the effect that the people will obey the commonwealth on condition it upholds the law, which serves to protect the interests and liberties of the people governed by the commonwealth. The people consent to be governed by the commonwealth if its representatives impose the laws and thus protect the liberties of the people. So the contract is a bilateral pledge that both parties undertake obligation to uphold. A violation of this contract on the side of the ruled people, i.e. lawbreaking, is punished by the commonwealth: "and punishes those offences which any member hath committed against the society, with such penalties as the law has established" (Sec. 87). If the commonwealth breaks its side of the agreement, for example if it fails to fulfil its obligation to protect the liberty of the community and expropriate the property of citizens when they have not violated the law, or if it takes any another illegal actions, this constitutes for Locke a declaration of war by the commonwealth on the citizens and thus an infringement of their liberty. "and so they putting themselves into a state of war with those who made them the protectors and guardians of their peace, are properly, and with the greatest aggravation, rebellantes, rebels" (Sec 227). The commonwealth has thereby voided the original agreement with the citizens because it has acted as if it were back in the state of nature. The citizen whose liberty has been infringed therefore is entitled to attempt to recover his right. In more serious cases when the commonwealth turns into a tyranny, and disrespects all protests expressed by the majority of the citizens, and all legal and peaceful attempts to discourage the commonwealth from acting tyrannically have been unsuccessful, the people are justified, according to Locke, to raise rebellion against the commonwealth and replace the existing government or monarch with one that will obey the during its governing. However, some controversy with Locke's account arises around his concept of consent. Exclusively, the original parties to the contract that founded the commonwealth are empowered to express consent to the agreement that established the commonwealth. Successors of the original contracting parties are not usually asked for their consent, such consent seems to be taken for granted. But if they have never given their consent to the commonwealth, how can they be obligated to obey this commonwealth, let alone if it acts tyrannically? Locke's answer to this objection is his concept of tacit consent. "Tacit consent is incurred," according to Locke, "by anyone who voluntarily takes advantage of the resources of the country" (Sec. 201). One's physical presence in the country's territory is a sufficient condition for being held in this way to have consented tacitly. Citizens, he argues, are free to leave the commonwealth in which they live. If they do not do so, this is because they consent to the state tacitly, even thought not expressly. They make use of the advantages that the commonwealth has provided; therefore they accept the commonwealth. "There is a common distinction of an express and a tacit consent, which will concern our present case. No body doubts but an express consent, of any man entering into any society, makes him a perfect member of that society, a subject of that government. The difficulty is, what ought to be looked upon as a tacit consent, and how far it binds, i.e. how far any one shall be looked on to have consented, and thereby submitted to any government, where he has made no expressions of it at all. And to this I say, that every man, that hath any possessions, or enjoyment, of any part of the dominions of any government, cloth thereby give his tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obedience to the laws of that government, during such enjoyment, as any one under it; whether this his possession be of land, to him and his heirs for ever, or a lodging only for a week; or whether it be barely travelling freely on the highway; and in effect, it reaches as far as the very being of any one within the territories of that government." (Sec. 119) Locke admits that territorial sovereignty is one of the key features of government. Every member of community living within a determined geographic area is subject to the jurisdiction of that area's government. Locke implicitly realizes that the alternative to this would be anarchy, for he writes, "For it would he a direct contradiction, for any one, to enter into Society with others and yet to suppose his Land, whose Property is to be regulated by the Laws of the society, should be exempt from the Jurisdiction of that Government." (Sec. 121) However, Locke's doctrine of tacit consent exhibits inconsistency with his statement that people need not obey tyrannical commonwealth in two points. First, it is not appropriate to consider that simply staying within the commonwealth puts in itself a sign of consent. The only provision for not consenting in Locke's treatise is emigration from the commonwealth. This is Locke's escape from tyranny, for if people "are not permitted to emigrate, they can hardly be said to have consented." Emigration is a logical necessity within the framework of Locke's theory of consent, because without it, the whole theory loses its viability. Second, simply using the conveniences a commonwealth has provided to its people is not necessarily a sign of consent too. People who are not happy with the political system in which they live in many countries (for example Byelorussia) still use the public transport system, roads, libraries, and the other advantages that the commonwealth has to offer them. But they cannot be said to consent, even tacitly, to the authority bodies that governs them. We can conclude that Locke's doctrine of tacit consent cannot present a logically consistent response to the question of obligation to the government. Locke's theory of consent can finally lead to anarchy. The only way out for Locke was to make "consent" involving an agreement to abide by majority rule. "Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community, must be understood to give up all the power, necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community, unless they expressly agreed in any number greater than the majority" (Sec.99) Works Cited list Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. 1690. Retrieved on 08 November 2005

Teen Smoking Essays - Habits, Smoking, Free Essays, Term Papers

Teen Smoking Essays - Habits, Smoking, Free Essays, Term Papers Teen Smoking There are many factors that author use in each of their stories to help the reader imagine what the setting look likes. In Pat Conroy, the author describes how the air smells and what the land looks like at different times of the year. This is some of the things that he gives you to help image the setting of the story. The author writs about the first time the boy ever went to the island. He was amazed with the landscape and how the island had never been urbanized. When he got out of high school they started to urbanize the island. They start to build housing and buy the time his mom moved on the island there was a golf course. When he established him self on the land his mother had been old. Before she passed on she told him every time you look out in to the water and there is white caps that will be her saying she is with him. So from now on every time he looks at the waves he is reminded of his mom. Authors have many different ways to right. Some lead you on and others leave u out to hang and you have to guess. The work of this author led you on in the story. You understood what he was trying to get across and he had many details to support that.

What is your experience with writing, both in English and in your Essay

What is your experience with writing, both in English and in your first language - Essay Example The amount of time spent formulating an effective message is much less compared to that spent used to write using the less used language. It happens that the main mode of communication and the internationally accepted language is English. Therefore, the education system has made it mandatory and more used language than the first languages. Further, it creates a common platform for the diverse people with diverse dialect and languages in total. With that, there is a laxity in the perfecting the first language and making it useful for official communication. English h has got studied and can be taught in a systematic manner unlike first languages in the world over. It is hard for me to use the use English than I do with the first language. With English, it is easier to articulate issues clearly, the time taken to formulate the sensible information is much less, and the language is less complex generally. Therefore makes English dominate over my first language because of the mastery of both languages compared is different. In conclusion, the ability to use language to communicate effectively in writing is determined by the knowledge of the language and the practice in using

Strategic Technology Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Technology Planning - Research Paper Example This is after American Express created a custom customer service Facebook page. From the page, cardholders can conveniently ask about services offered and also make their complaints. The research analyzed online platforms used by major and minor companies in handling online marketing. The content conveyed in these platforms was also analyzed to determine whether they had any aspects of marketing or were just general information. According to Grant (2014) internet marketing is a tool that can be used to elevate a company within hours if well used. The world is actively talking online. The results indicated that the social media is the main platform used by companies to carry out online marketing. This paper research also discusses the use of Apps for smartphones, tablets, pads and other telecommunication gadgets. In as much as people are using the internet, attracting them to your platform is very essential. Marketing would only make sense if the target clientele is able to receive your message. The recommendations from this research are that companies need to diversify their online marketing and use other platforms like emails and blogs. Companies also need establish internet marketing departments and adequately fund them in order to facilitate their activities. Marketing is a very dynamic aspect in any business. Every day, new strategies are developed and implemented to ensure companies are active in the competitive market. Companies have been forced to allocate majority of their budget into marketing than any other area. Millions have been invested into marketing. This is necessary for any company that wants to make profits (FK Publications, 2013). According to (Taube, 2014) in 2013, the top 100 biggest advertisers in the US used a staggering $109Billion in marketing. Traditional modes of marketing are slowly being replaced by new and advanced modes. The main driving force behind this is the internet. With internet, one is connected to the

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Paraphrase - Essay Example Bad academic problems and financial problems are other signs (Donatelle). One addictive behaviour is excessive use of technology. People have become increasingly dependent on such gadgets as iPads and phones that provide them with better access to online information. Donatelle suggests that people addicted to technology can be identified by certain behaviors they exhibit including lack of sleep, lack of fulfilment of responsibilities toward their friends and family, excitement while using technology, bad performance, problems in family, social exclusion, and financial problems. Drug abuse is about consuming banned substances. Despite their legal authorization, drugs are misused. It is noteworthy that drug abuse is done for particular reasons and is not a deliberate action. Disproportionate or unnecessary use of drugs is described as drug abuse (Donatelle). Drug abuse mostly happens when the individual gets addicted to it. Drug misuse mainly causes its abuse. Drug abuse has long-term effects whereas drug misuse has mostly short-term effects. Alcohol’s effect on body and health can be categorized into short and long-term effects. Examples of short-term effects are disrupted sleep, headache, vomiting, problematic breathing, inaudible vocalization, and deteriorated memory. Examples of long-term effects include illnesses related to alcohol like liver disease, throat cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, oesophagus cancer. Other effects include brain and nerve damage, social problems, sexual problems, and poor performance (Donatelle). Smoking also causes several short-term and long-term effects just like any other substance that is abused. Cigarettes contain nicotine which is very addictive. Tar and carbon monoxide present in the cigarettes cause lungs cancer and mouth cancer. This is smoking’s main long-term effect. Other effects experienced

What Is Ethics And Its Types

What Is Ethics And Its Types Ethics are principles of professionals conduct. Ethics is broader than what is stated by law, customs and public opinion. For example, accepting gifts from father in law might be socially acceptable but not ethically. Ethical behaviour may differ from society to society for example: birth control is mandatory in communist societies but not in catholic Christian society. Ethical standards are ideals of human conduct. Defining ethical standards is not an easy task. Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy, a treatise on this study. Thus we say that ethics is the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc. Ethics, according to VSP RAO (2004) is defined Ethics as: a body of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behaviours of individuals and groups. Ethics arise not simply from mans creation but from human nature itself making it a natural body of laws from which mans laws Ethics has been applicable to economics, politics and political science, leading to several different and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including Business ethics and Marxism. Ethics has been applied to family structure, sexuality, and how society views the roles of individuals; leading to several distinct and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including feminism. Ethics has been applied to war, leading to the fields of pacifism and nonviolence BUSINESS ETHICS Business ethics can be defined as blueprints of principles and values that governing decisions and actions within a company. In the business world, the organizations culture sets standards for ascertaining the difference between good and bad decision making and behaviour. A definition for business ethics boils down to knowing the difference between right and wrong and choosing to do what is right. The phrase business ethics can be used to describe the actions of individuals within an organization, as well as the organization as a whole. WHAT IS ENGENEERING ETHICS? Engineering ethics course is not about preaching virtue rather, its objective is to increase your ability as engineers to responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity. CODE OF ETHICS FOR ENGINEERS Engineers Uphold and advance the integrity, honour and dignity of the engineering profession by: I. Analysing their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare; II. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients: III. Making efforts to increase the competence and prestige of the Engineering profession FUNDAMENTAL CONNONS FOR ENGINEERING ETHICS 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and Welfare of the public in the performance of their Professional duties. 2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence. 3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an Objective and truthful manner. 4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each Employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. 5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. 6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honour, integrity and dignity of the profession. 7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Environmental ethics determines classical ethics to a breaking point Environmental ethics involves high risk. Environmental ethics requires risk. Environmental ethics help in ascertaining poorly charted terrain, where it is easy to get lost. One must hazard the kind of insight that first looks like foolishness. Some people see environmental ethics with a positive frame of mindexpecting rights for rocks and chicken liberation, misplaced concern for chipmunks and daisies. Elsewhere, you think, ethicists deal with sober concerns: medical ethics, business ethics, and justice in public affairs, questions of life and death, peace and war. Environment ethics aims at appropriate respect for life. But we do not just need a humanist ethic applied to the environment, analogously to the ways we have needed one for business, law, medicine, technology, international, or nuclear disarmament. Respect for life demands an ethic concerned about human welfare, like the others and now concerning the environment. But environmental ethics in a broader sense stands on a frontier, as radically theoretical as it is applied. . 1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN ORGANIZATION Ethical consideration in business is important to managers as individuals personals life and business life cannot be neatly separated with respect to moral judgements. A lot of factors contributed for ethical consideration becoming a primary concern for todays organizations. Some factors are discussed below: 1: If organization does not behave in accordance with the social system expectation, it might not merely lose its market share or face another piece of legislated control but might lose its very right to exist. 2: Even if the manager insist on a narrow definition of his role as merely a producer of goods, it is essential that he take these intangibles into consideration since they are the real motivating force in an organization. 3: The public is insisting that business leaders are, in fact responsible for the general social welfare that the managers responsibility go far beyond those of running the business. 4: Ethics play a crucial role in organization as without ethics organization may go hay why from its ultimate goal and as a result the real sense for existence remain undercover . 5: Ethics are the backbone of the organization. In absence of this backbone the organization would not be able to maintain healthy relations between employee and employee, employee and employer, employer and managers etc. 1.3 BREIF SUMMARY OF ASSIGNMENT The assignment on ethics clearly states what are the moral values, beliefs, thinking etc. which are socially acceptable. This assignment helps to give a clear picture about what is accepted and what is not accepted, what is ethical and what is unethical, what is good and what is bad etc. It also help in understanding that ethics do differ from people to people moreover from society to society(birth control is mandatory in communist societies but not in catholic Christian society) This assignment describe the definition of ethics, its important both in society and in organization. Thus we say that this assignment help one to understand the insight of the prevailing conditions stating what is accepted and what is not. WHAT IS ETHICAL DILEMMAS? Ethical dilemma is also known as moral dilemmas. An ethical dilemma is a situation or problem in which each available and possible course of action breaches some otherwise binding moral principles to decide what is ethical and what is unethical. Thus we say that moral dilemmas refer to a situation which involves conflict between moral requirements. These situations have very apparent conflict between moral imperative IS NUCLEAR ENERGY SAFE? Yes nuclear energy is safe because we know nuclear energy is useful, clean and effective because, at present, 137 nuclear reactors are generating more than one-third of Western Europes electricity and 440 in all are supplying one-seventh of the worlds electricity Earlier some people misunderstood the by-product of nuclear energy i.e. Radiation as deadly. But radiation is part of our natural environment and we can survive with it. All of us are exposed to natural radioactivity every minute, mainly from rocks and soil. The radiation bombarding us increases up to 10% when we sleep next to another human. Nuclear power is a gift from nature. It can be harnessed cleanly and safely. NUCLEAR ENERGY ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLY The nuclear energy is environment friendly as it is safe and it could be explain via example. 1: The Exelon Corporation runs 17 nuclear power plants all over the country and shows how these plants help reduce climate change. 2: The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is a non-profit group, which works to reduce climate change through methods of nuclear energy production. These are one of those groups working to create new technologies that will make nuclear power a safer and more environmental friendly source of energy because they believe it is a necessary source for controlling climate changes. Perhaps Nuclear energy has the lowest impact on the environment including flora, fauna, air, land, and water. It produces no harmful greenhouse gases, isolates its waste from the environment, and requires less area to produce the same amount of electricity as compare to other sources. NUCLEAR ENERGY COST EFFECTIVENESS The nuclear energy is not at all cost effective because the biggest financial crunch with nuclear power is the time period it takes to build the reactor. Large and heavy construction together with the various public notices and enquiries and legal procedure makes it an expensive process. Moreover Construction alone will take 5-6 years. During this time interest must be paid to the creditor without any return since no electricity will be produced till construction work is complete. NUCLER ENERGY USEFUL TO UKS SOCIETY AND PUBLIC Nuclear energy is useful UKs society and public due to certain reasons which are discussed below: 1: POWERING OUR ECONOMY: Through nuclear energy the United Kingdom generates a fifth of the countrys electricity (19.26% in 2004). The Nuclear Installations Inspectorate oversees all nuclear power installations and, as of 2006, the United Kingdom operates 24 nuclear reactors. The country also uses nuclear reprocessing plants, such as Sell afield 2: DEVELOPMENT: Nuclear energy in playing an important role in development as in year 2007, there have been some significant developments towards nuclear fusion being implemented to solve the predicted energy crisis, most significantly and recently the drawing-up of plans to build one fusion power station, that will supply power to the National Grid within. 3: REDUCTION IN POLLUTION: The major cause of pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy plants produce electricity through the fission of uranium, not the burning of fuels. Consequently, nuclear power plants do not pollute the air with nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, dust or greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide etc. MAP SHOWING NEW NOMINATED NUCLEAR SITES IN ENGLAND HOW TO SOLVE ETHICAL DELIMMAS There are certain things that make ethical dilemmas particularly difficult to solve is that they often involve conflicts between two or more deeply held beliefs. Consider the example given below: A friend of yours just had a baby. Hes the most homely baby youve ever seen. While holding her new baby boy in her arms, your friend asks, Isnt he the best looking baby youve ever seen? Now you value honesty. But you also believe you shouldnt needlessly hurt someones feelings. You have an ethical dilemma! According to my analysis and conception ethical dilemmas could be sought out in three ways: 1: KNOW YOUR VALUES: There are certain values about which society agrees. For example, we tend to value honesty. Our discussion here isnt designed to change your values instead, its about applying them. Before you can apply them, you have to know what they are. 2: SELECT A MODEL: According to the analysis, Moral Issues in Business, ethical theories can be divided into two classifications: consequential theories (the formal term for these is teleological theories) and non-consequential theories (formal name is deontological theories). As a result a proper model is must. 3: USE A PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS: Now you know your values and you have a model with which to apply them. The remaining piece is to follow an orderly process to solve the problem, because not all ethical dilemmas are as simple as your friend and her baby that we discussed in the previous example. ETHICAL RESONING: Ethical reasoning is a type of reasoning directed towards deciding what to do and, when successful. And it comes into play when various individuals enter into relationships with mutual obligations. Ethical reasoning involves weighing of values held by the individuals to result in some course of action or outcome. In short it is a deciding factor determining what is ethical and unethical. 3.1 MORAL VALUES: Moral values is a combination of moral (i.e. what is ethical) and values (i.e. social principles) MORAL+VALUES. Moral values are essentially what society views as acceptable, or fundamentally right. Moral values often originate from religious views and understanding. Morals can be things that arent necessarily dictated by laws, example, its may not be illegal to have an affair, but is it morally right? Moral views can also be reflected in the laws passed, such as the proposition at concerning the sanctity of marriage. You could view the moral value of the public as shifting, seeing how a proposition like that is even necessary. 3.2 ALLERNATIVE TO NUCLEAR ENERGY At present there are large numbers of alternatives which are available for nuclear energy. But the alternative I am giving is based on my conception and theory which is discussed below: Just select a particular land suitable for cultivation only by natural means in order to maintain the fertility so that the soil is unaffected. Plant more trees. Within the duration for the growth of the trees construct some turbines and equipments just nearer to the cultivated lands. Cut half of the plants and burn it so that the steam is used to drive turbines from which we can produce electricity. The merit is that the Carbon di-oxide liberated will be consumed by the trees itself. So it is eco-friendly and non-polluting. As bio manures are used the fertility of the soil is maintained. Itll be an efficient method. May it is modest now but definitely when compared to hazardous wastes in nuclear energy its better. 3.3 ANALYSIS ON NUCLEAR ENERGY Unlike every coin has two aspects A NEGATIVE AND A POSITIVE similar is the case with nuclear energy it has positives as well as negatives. 4. My recommendation to the UK government would be to attain a perfect balance between use of nuclear energy and use of other alternative (renewable) sources like solar, dams, wind power etc. Because To generate nuclear energy uranium fuel is used, use an isotope of uranium which is then subjected to nuclear fission. And it leads to radiation as a result it leads to saviour diseases like cancer etc. So the UK government should be cautious regarding nuclear energy and should operate within the limits aiming at a perfect balance with other alternatives. 4.1 HUMAN CENTERED ETHICS It is also known as anthropocentrism The anthropocentric belief is that human beings are the sole bearers of intrinsic value or possess greater intrinsic value than non-human nature. It is therefore acceptable to employ the resources of the natural world for only human ends. Anthropocentric ethics is adequate to the task of grounding care for the natural environment. The human involvement in ethics play a very crucial role thus we say that anthropocentrism focus on human ethics. 4.2 SCIENTIFIC CENTERED ETHICS The term scientific ethics may refer to the ethics of doing science. Scientific ethics is a branch of applied ethics. Scientific ethics is a subset of professional ethics, the special rules of conduct adhered to by people engaged in those pursuits called professions. It is distinct from, but consistent with, both ordinary morality and moral theory. The codes of professional ethics derive from the two bargains that define a profession: the internal code of practice and the external bargain between the profession and society. 4.3 BIOCENTRIC ETHICS Bio centric ethics refer to any theory that views all life as possessing intrinsic value is known as bio centric ethics. Bio centric ethics represents a significant departure from classical and traditional ethical thinking. I.e. it focuses on attitude and character rather than moral values. 4.4 ECOCENTRIC ETHICS The term eco centric ethics was propounded by Aldo Leopolds according to him Any ethics that places an emphasis on ecological wholes and moves away from individual plants and animals; value is placed on these ecological systems as wholes. Thus we say that ecocentric ethics are the holistic ethics rather than the individualistic ethics. Ecocentric ethics appeals to ecology in one way or another for help in explaining and defending its conclusions. REFERNCES: DR SS KHANKA, S CHAND, AHMED NAZIMUDDIN AND SS JHA, AHMED SALMAN, AUSTIN NANCY, Ackerman, GOOGLE, B.A. and R.B. Stewart (1988) Reforming Environmental Law: The Democratic Case for Market Incentives, Colombia Journal of Environmental Law, 13: 171-199. Baron, J. (2006) Against Bioethics, Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Bekesy, S.A., B.A. Winkle, M. Colvin, B. Langford, D.B. Lindenmayer, and H.P. Possingham (forthcoming) The Biodiversity Bank Cannot is a Lending Bank, Ecological Economics. Burgman, M.A. (2005) Risks and Decisions for Conservation and Environmental Management, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Capoor, K. and P. Ambrosi.(2007) State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2007. Retrieved December, 2007, from http://carbonfinance.org/docs/Carbon_Trends_2007- _FINAL_-_May_2.pdf. Colyvan, M. (2007) Environmental Philosophy: Beyond Environmental Ethics, Arts, Vol. 29: 95-104. Colyvan, M., D. Cox, and K. Steele, (forthcoming a) Modelling the Moral Dimension of Decisions, Noà »s. Colyvan, M., J. Justus, and H.M. Regan, (to appear) The Natural Environment is Valuable but Not Infinitely Valuable. Colyvan, M., S. Linquist, W. Grey, P.E. Griffiths, J. Odenbaugh, and H.P. Possingham, (forthcoming b) Philosophical Issues in Ecology: Recent Trends and Future Directions, Ecology and Society.

Courage in To Kill A Mockingbird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Courage ?Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak, Courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen? Courage is the thing which can be found in a child to an old man. It needs a lot of courage to take out courage from the heart. It is like a brain. It depends on the person, how and when he uses it. This tiny word has the power to convey the whole gesture of a person. According to Harper Lee?s genius ?To Kill a Mockingbird?, Courage is when you know you are licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through it through no matter what. This novel tends us to picture Atticus as a very courageous man. His definition for this term doesn?t mean bravery or a man with a gun in his hand. He defines courage as ?When you know you are licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what?. Atticus?s courage is represented very significantly and differently in this book. He undertook the case of a Negro who was wrongly accused of raping a white girl. He went against the whole racist community of the town. The opposition of the racist people failed to make him step back from the case. He just fought the case courageously. But the white jury couldn?t possibly be expected to take a black person?s work against the whites. Similarly, a great example of courage is displayed within the life of Mrs. Dubose. She was a sick old woman, waiting for death. However, she had one more goal to achieve before her life come to an end. She wished to free herself of a morphine addiction. Mrs. Dubose displayed courage in a situation where most people would surrender to the drug. She did not fear for death. Moreover, she challenged death through her perseverance to leave this world free of addiction. People around her came to know of her courage after she passed away. Similarly, the largest example of courage is found in younger characters like Scout and Jem. Courage in To Kill A Mockingbird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays Courage ?Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak, Courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen? Courage is the thing which can be found in a child to an old man. It needs a lot of courage to take out courage from the heart. It is like a brain. It depends on the person, how and when he uses it. This tiny word has the power to convey the whole gesture of a person. According to Harper Lee?s genius ?To Kill a Mockingbird?, Courage is when you know you are licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through it through no matter what. This novel tends us to picture Atticus as a very courageous man. His definition for this term doesn?t mean bravery or a man with a gun in his hand. He defines courage as ?When you know you are licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what?. Atticus?s courage is represented very significantly and differently in this book. He undertook the case of a Negro who was wrongly accused of raping a white girl. He went against the whole racist community of the town. The opposition of the racist people failed to make him step back from the case. He just fought the case courageously. But the white jury couldn?t possibly be expected to take a black person?s work against the whites. Similarly, a great example of courage is displayed within the life of Mrs. Dubose. She was a sick old woman, waiting for death. However, she had one more goal to achieve before her life come to an end. She wished to free herself of a morphine addiction. Mrs. Dubose displayed courage in a situation where most people would surrender to the drug. She did not fear for death. Moreover, she challenged death through her perseverance to leave this world free of addiction. People around her came to know of her courage after she passed away. Similarly, the largest example of courage is found in younger characters like Scout and Jem.